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Video
Dr. Bustamante begins his talk by explaining why one would wish to study biochemical reactions at the level of a single molecule. He explains that many processes within the cell are carried out by very few molecules. By studying single molecules, it is possible to obtain details about the mechanism of a reaction that cannot be ascertained by studying a population of molecules. Bustamante goes on to describe the technique of optical tweezers and how it can be used to manipulate single molecules. His lab has successfully used this method to follow DNA transcription one molecule at a time and RNA translation one codon at a time. In both cases, single molecule studies provided detailed information about complex biochemical processes.
- Subjects:
- Biochemistry
- Keywords:
- Biomolecules Molecular biology
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
This video series is designed to teach bench researchers how scientists develop and execute strategy. Content includes an overview of how scientific enterprises use business strategy such as determining value proposition, identifying stakeholders, and defining vision. Concepts will be reinforced using practical examples from academic and industry settings.
- Subjects:
- Management
- Keywords:
- Strategic planning
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
This video series is designed to teach bench researchers how scientists in scientific enterprises structure business deals to achieve strategic goals. Content covers an overview of the business development process and includes identifying gaps, deal types and structure, and defining success. Concepts will be reinforced using practical examples from academic and industry settings.
- Subjects:
- Management
- Keywords:
- Business planning Industrial management
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
The traditional way of taking a drug, such as a pill or injection, often results in plasma drug levels that cycle between too high and too low. To better maintain drug levels in the effective range, scientists have developed a variety of systems to optimize drug release. In his first talk, Bob Langer gives an overview of many of these controlled drug release technologies, including polymer and pump systems. Langer begins Part 2 with the story of how he became interested in drug release technologies, which is also a story of the power of perseverance. As a post-doc with Judah Folkman, and after much trial and error, Langer developed a polymer system that provided a slow and constant release of an anti-angiogenesis factor. Initially, his results were met with skepticism, by both scientists and the patent office. Today, many, many companies have developed peptide delivery systems based on that original work. Langer also describes ongoing research in areas such as targeted drug delivery and externally controlled microchips designed for drug delivery. In Part 3, Langer focuses on the materials used in drug delivery and medical devices. Many of the original materials used in medicine were adapted from completely unrelated uses and often generated their own problems. Langer describes work by his lab and others to make polymers designed for specific medical uses. For instance, a porous polymer can be shaped into an ear or nose and act as a scaffold onto which a patient’s cells can be seeded to grow a new structure. Different polymers have been successfully used as scaffolds to grow new blood vessels or artificial skin for burn victims.
- Subjects:
- Health Technology and Informatics and Health Sciences
- Keywords:
- Drugs -- Controlled release Controlled release technology
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Synthetic biology can be used in industrial biotechnology to engineer metabolic pathways to create high-value chemicals using model microorganisms such as yeast. During the Synthetic Biology in Action course, participants engineered yeast to produce beta-caretone for industrial biotechnology purposes. In this talk, they describe the steps they took to engineer an existing yeast pathway to produce the new chemical. These steps include modeling the metabolic pathway outputs, DNA design, amplification, and assembly, and analysis of the final result.
- Subjects:
- Electronic and Information Engineering, Biochemistry, and Biology
- Keywords:
- Synthetic biology Biochemistry Yeast fungi -- Biotechnology
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Throughout his life, Hrabowski has loved the intersection of math and language. The challenge of finding clear, simple language to explain complex math problems to others is part of what drove his decision to focus on teaching math. Hrabowski points out that math and statistics provide the tools for not only for engineers and scientists to do their work, but also for physicians, accountants, social scientists, business owners and even university administrators!
- Subjects:
- Mathematics and Statistics
- Keywords:
- Applied mathematics
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
How does an English literature major ultimately end up as a cancer biologist? Varmus tells us of his circuitous path to becoming a scientist to illustrate the many routes that one can follow to a career in science.
- Keywords:
- Physical sciences -- Vocational guidance Biologists -- Vocational guidance
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Berg begins his lecture with a brief history of observations of bacterial motion. He then uses physics to describe the many hurdles that E. coli must overcome as it tries to swim up or down a chemical gradient. For instance, an entity as tiny as E. coli is constantly buffeted by Brownian motion and can neither stay still nor swim in a straight line. Then there is the question of how E. coli senses a gradient and translates that information into a change in its direction of movement. And finally, how does E. coli use its flagella to generate thrust at all? In Part 2, Berg explains that E. coli travels using a series of runs, when it moves in a straight line, and tumbles, when it changes direction. During a run, all of the flagella are moving counterclockwise in a tight bundle. During a tumble, one or more flagella switch to a clockwise movement and disengage from the bundle causing a change in the swimming direction. The motor that drives the rotation of the flagella is an amazing structure made of about 20 different protein parts. Berg tells us that chemosensory receptors on the cell surface detect a chemical gradient and transfer this information, via protein phosphorylation, to the motor. This chemical modification determines the direction of motor rotation and, hence, the direction the E. coli swims. An amazing system that E. coli has been perfecting for millions of years!
- Subjects:
- Physics and Biology
- Keywords:
- Bacteria -- Motility Physics Escherichia coli
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Human population growth and urbanization have accelerated dramatically in recent centuries, providing unprecedented opportunities for microbes that use our bodies as vehicles for their own propagation and transmission. These conditions have led to the emergence of virulent new pathogens and the increased prevalence of “classic” scourges, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This tenacious microbe is transmitted via infectious aerosols produced by individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis. Infection is lifelong and symptomatic tuberculosis may develop following a period of clinical latency lasting for months, years, or decades. The first part of this lecture provides an overview of the natural history of TB infection and the global impact of TB on human health. Tuberculosis remains one of the most important causes of human disease and death despite the introduction of vaccination in 1921 and chemotherapy in 1952. Although these interventions are inexpensive and widely available their impact is limited. The effectiveness of vaccination is unclear; in clinical trials, the protection conferred by vaccination has been variable and generally poor. Although chemotherapy can be highly effective, multiple drugs must be administered for 6-9 months to provide a reliable cure; the majority of tuberculosis patients are unable or unwilling to complete such a demanding regimen unless closely supervised. The second part of this lecture will discuss the challenges facing development of more effective vaccines and drugs for prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. The principal obstacle to successful treatment of tuberculosis is the lengthy duration of current regimens, which require administration of multiple drugs for 6-9 months. The requirement for prolonged therapy is attributed to sub-populations of bacillary “persisters” that are refractory to antimicrobials. The persisters are not drug-resistant in the conventional (heritable) sense and it is a mystery why they are spared whilst their genetically identical siblings are killed. The third part of this lecture describes recent work in our laboratory using microfluidics and time-lapse microscopy to analyze the behavior of drug-stressed bacteria at single-cell resolution. These studies challenge conventional views of how antimicrobials kill (or fail to kill) bacteria. All pathogens must acquire and assimilate nutrients from their hosts in order to grow and multiply — our tissues are literally their food — yet surprisingly little is known about this fundamental aspect of the pathogenic lifestyle. Accumulating evidence suggests that M. tuberculosis might utilize fatty acids as its principal carbon and energy source during infection. The fourth part of this lecture describes work in our laboratory that is focused on identifying the metabolic pathways that are essential for growth and persistence of M. tuberculosis in vivo. Some of these pathways are potentially interesting targets for antimicrobial drug development, as they are not found in human cells.
- Subjects:
- Public Health and Health Sciecnes
- Keywords:
- Tuberculosis Public health
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Easy access to nutrients has contributed to the increase in obesity in the human population. But, what is obesity and why isn’t everybody fat? Dr. Stephen O’Rahilly provides a biomedical perspective of obesity, and evaluates which genes could potentially shift the balance towards obesity. As he explains, one becomes obese when the balance between energy intake and energy spent is shifted. Surprisingly, mutations that lead to obesity in humans aren’t in genes involved in metabolism and energy storage, but failure in satiety signals in the brain that result in people eating too much. The excess of energy intake over energy expenditure leads to obesity. What is the consequence of obesity in human health? Physically, obesity can result in lower mobility and sleeping disorders. But, in humans, the link between obesity and metabolic diseases isn’t straightforward. For example, not everyone that’s obese becomes insulin resistant. As O’Rahilly explains, the probability of an obese individual to have a metabolic disease is linked to the capacity of adipose tissue to store the extra fat. Mutations that decrease fat storage in adipose tissue increase the chance of metabolic diseases, like insulin resistance, even when the person is not obese.
- Subjects:
- Health Sciences and Biology
- Keywords:
- Obesity -- Genetic aspects
- Resource Type:
- Video