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How can you tell if harmful bacteria are in your food or water that might make you sick? What you eat or drink can be contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites and toxins—pathogens that can be harmful or even fatal. Students learn which contaminants have the greatest health risks and how they enter the food supply. While food supply contaminants can be identified from cultures grown in labs, bioengineers are creating technologies to make the detection of contaminated food quicker, easier and more effective.
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- Courseware
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Courseware
On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. An URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 175. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 169. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 179, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 175. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, we recommend the use of http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility or clicking the paper clip attachment symbol on the lower left of your PDF Viewer, selecting Save Attachment. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/. The LATEX source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk Hünniger, which is freely available under an open source license from http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf. This distribution also contains a configured version of the pdflatex compiler with all necessary packages and fonts needed to compile the LATEX source included in this PDF file.
- Subjects:
- Biology
- Keywords:
- Biology
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- Courseware
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Courseware
This course is intended for students enrolling for BSc with Education and BEd degrees. Solid state physics forms the backborn of physics. The module has four units: Introduction to solid state physics; Crystal defects and mechanical properties ; Thermal and electrical properties; and Band theory & Optical properties.In the first unit/activity i.e. introduction to solid state physics. The student is expected to explain the atomic structure, describe the various atomic bonds such as ionic bonds and covalent bonds. The learning will also require students to distinguish between crystalline and amorphous solids; polycrystalline and amorphous solids and to explain the production and use of X-ray diffraction. In the second unit i.e. crystal defects and mechanical properties, the learning includes, differentiating between the different types of crystal defects: the point defects (vacancy, interstitials, and substitutional) and dislocations (screw and edge). Here, the student learns that point defects are very localised and are of atomic size, while dislocation is a disorder which extend beyond the volume of one or two atoms. The effects of the defects on mechanical, and electrical properties of these defects are also part of the learning that will take place. In unit three the learning outcomes include definitions of heat capacity, and explanations of variation of heat capacity with temperature based on the classical, Einstein and Debye models. The students will be required to use the free electron theory to explain high thermal and electrical conductivities of metals and also be able to derive and apply the Wiedermann-Frantz law. Finally, in activity four, the expected learning should enable the students to use the band theory to explain the differences between conductors, semiconductors and insulators; explain the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors in relation to the role of doping. At the end of it all, the students use the concepts of the interaction of electromagnetic waves (light) with materials to explain optical absorption, reflectivity and transmissivity.
- Subjects:
- Physics
- Keywords:
- Solid state physics
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- Courseware
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Courseware
The BIIG problem-solving method is unique in that it forces us to concentrate on decoding a real-world word problem completely into meaningful parts and aids us in finding and applying the right formula to easily arrive at the correct solution. As desired, it places less emphasis on the memorization of factual detail and more emphasis on the understanding of concepts. Evidently, this method is beneficial in many ways as it aids students in honing skills in critical thinking, logical approach and attention to detail. As a method for organizing information it helps students avoid errors and sets them on a path to succeed. As long as the numbers are “buddied up” with their units, “identified” by the appropriate variables, “isolated” within the context, and the answer is presented “gourmet”, or explained in terms of the original question, finding a solution to any complex problem will become seamless, understandable and enjoyable. This innovation in science education fosters a passion for learning and serves as a foundation for a new paradigm for problem-solving in any discipline of science worldwide.
- Subjects:
- Physics
- Keywords:
- Problem solving Physics
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Offshore Hydromechanics includes the following modules: 1. Hydrostatics, static floating stability, constant 2-D potential flow of ideal fluids, and flows in real fluids. Introduction to resistance and propulsion of ships. Review of linear regular and irregular wave theory. 2. Analytical and numerical means to determine the flow around, forces on, and motions of floating bodies in waves. 3. Higher order potential theory and inclusion of non-linear effects in ship motions. Applications to motion of moored ships and to the determination of workability. 4. Interaction between the sea and sea bottom as well as the hydrodynamic forces and especially survival loads on slender structures.
- Subjects:
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Keywords:
- Offshore structures -- Hydrodynamics Hydrostatics Fluid mechanics
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Design and construction of breakwaters and closure dams in estuaries and rivers. Functional requirements, determination of boundary conditions, spatial and constructional design and construction aspects of breakwaters and dams consisting of rock, sand and caissons. Overview and history of breakwater and closure dam construction. The general design principles of a breakwater and a closure dam. Determination of boundary conditions for dams and breakwaters, with special attention to the design frequency. Methods to determine the design wave height from wave statistics. Overview of other boundary conditions (geotechnical and hydraulic). Materials, quarries and rock properties. Various properties of the different types of dams and breakwaters, like stability of riprap in current and wave conditions, design of armour layer, natural rock and concrete elements. The use of caissons for breakwaters and closure dams. Computation of element size using classical formulae, partial safety coefficients and probabilistic methods. Plan and cross section of breakwaters. Practical examples of breakwaters and closure dams. Execution (marine or land based equipment) of the works. Failure mechanisms and (cost) optimisation. One-week exercise in which a group of two or three students has to design a breakwater and a closure dam.
- Subjects:
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Keywords:
- Tidal basins Breakwaters -- Design construction River channels Dams -- Design construction
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Design of shoreline protection along rivers, canals and the sea; load on bed and shoreline by currents, wind waves and ship motion; stability of elements under current and wave conditions; stability of shore protection elements; design methods, construction methods. Flow: recapitulation of basics from fluid mechanics (flow, turbulence), stability of individual grains (sand, but also rock) in different type of flow conditions (weirs, jets), scour and erosion. Porous Media: basic equation, pressures and velocities on the stability on the boundary layer; groundwater flow with impermeable and semi-impermeable structures; granular filters and geotextiles. Waves: recapitulation of the basics of waves, focus on wave forces on the land-water boundary, specific aspects of ship induced waves, stability of elements under wave action (loose rock, placed blocks, impermeable layers) Design: overview of the various types of protections, construction and maintenance; design requirements, deterministic and probabilistic design; case studies, examples Materials and environment: overview of materials to be used, teraction with the aquatic environment, role of the land-water boundary as part of the ecosystem; environmentally sound shoreline design.
- Subjects:
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Keywords:
- Shore protection Coast defenses
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- Courseware
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Courseware
The course “Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer,” course number ta3220, is third-year BSc course in the program of Applied Earth Sciences at Delft University of Technology. Students in this class have already taken a course in “Transport Phenomena” in the second year, and “Fluid Flow Heat and Mass Transfer” is designed as a follow-up to that class, with an emphasis on topics of importance in applied earth sciences, and in particular to Petroleum Engineering, groundwater flow and mining. In practice, however I start over again with first principles with this class, because the initial concepts of the shell balance are difficult for students to grasp and can always use a second time through. The course covers simple fluid mechanics problems (rectilinear flow) using shell balances, for Newtonian and power-law fluids and Bingham plastics. Turbulence for Newtonian fluids is covered in the context of friction factors for flow in pipes, flow around spheres and flow in packed beds. In heat transfer we start again with shell balances for solving simple steady-state conduction problems. Thereafter, special attention is given to unsteady and multidimensional heat conduction, since the equations are similar for unsteady flow in aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. The concepts of orthogonal conduction and superposition are emphasized, as well as ways to treat perfectly insulated boundaries. The final topic in heat transfer is estimation of heat-transfer coefficients in flow in tubes. Although no other geometries are treated explicitly, I hope students recognize certain principles they can apply to other situations. We cover mass transfer only lightly, and only as by analogy to heat conduction: unsteady diffusion (by analogy to unsteady head conduction) and mass transfer in tubes (by analogy to heat transfer in tubes).
- Subjects:
- Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
- Keywords:
- Heat -- Transmission Mass transfer Fluid mechanics
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Introduction to seismic theory, measurements and processing of seismic data to final focussed image for geological and/or physical interpretation.This course deals with the most important aspects of reflection seismics. Theory of seismic waves, aspects of data acquisition (seismic sources, receivers and recorders), and of data processing (CMP processing, velocity analysis, stacking, migration) will be dealt with. The course will be supplemented by a practical of 6 afternoons where the students will see the most important data-processing steps via exercises (in Matlab).
- Subjects:
- Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics and Disaster Control and Management
- Keywords:
- Seismic prospecting Seismometry Earthquakes Seismic reflection method
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Basic principles: Hydrostatics, constant flow phenomena and waves The treated theory includes: - Archimedes’ Law, hydrostatic pressure - Stability computations for floating structures – including the effect of shifting loads, and partially filled fluid tanks - Potential flow basics, 2D potential flow elements, superposition principle - Real (viscous) flows, scaling laws, flow regimes - Fluid forces on structures, drag and lift, resistance and propulsion, wind and current loads - Linear wave theory in regular and irregular waves and wave statistics
- Subjects:
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Keywords:
- Offshore structures -- Hydrodynamics Hydrodynamics Hydrostatics Fluid mechanics Waves
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Are you fascinated by Geosciences and willing to take the challenge of predicting the nature and behavior of the Earth subsurface? This is your course! In a voyage through the Earth, Geoscience: the Earth and its Resources will explore the Earth interior and the processes forming mountains and sedimentary basins. You will understand how the sediments are formed, transported, deposited and deformed. You will develop knowledge on the behavior of petroleum and water resources. The course has an innovative approach focusing on key fundamental processes, exploring their nature and quantitative interactions. It will be shown how this acquired knowledge is used to predict the nature and behavior of the Earth subsurface. This is your ideal first step as a future Geoscientists or professional to upgrade your knowledge in the domain of Earth Sciences.
- Subjects:
- Environmental Sciences and Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
- Keywords:
- Plate tectonics Earth sciences Petroleum -- Geology Geology Hydrology
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- Courseware
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Courseware
The Geology 1 course is composed of three parts dedicated to 1. general knowledge of the system Earth, 2. tools for the 3D geometric representation of geological objects and 3. methods and techniques for the recognition of fundamental minerals and rocks.
- Subjects:
- Environmental Sciences and Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
- Keywords:
- Rock mechanics Minerals Earth sciences Geology
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- Courseware
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Courseware
This course makes students familiar with the design of offshore wind farms in general and focuses on the foundation design in particular. The course is based on actual cases of real offshore wind farms that have been built recently or will be built in the near future.
- Subjects:
- Environmental Engineering
- Keywords:
- Renewable energy sources Wind power Offshore wind power plants
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- Courseware
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Courseware
How can we ensure the continuous supply of the increasingly scarce raw materials that are needed to make the products we use every day? In this course, we will look at the potential benefits of circular procurement and how recycling technologies and more efficient ways of collecting and recycling critical raw materials (CRMs) can make your business and production more resource resilient. A good number of the materials found in everyday products are now referred to as “critical”. This means that there is a risk of failure in their supply and that they are also critical in terms of economic importance. Many metals, for instance, are already critical or could become critical in the near future due to their limited availability and the growing demand for products worldwide. Think of the newest electronic products that contain critical metals such as gallium, which is used in integrated circuits; beryllium, used in electronic and telecommunications equipment and permanent magnets and germanium found in infra-red optics. Innovative product design and reusing, recycling and remanufacturing products can help to deal with a raw materials shortage. But this can only provide an integrated solution if we keep CRMs in the loop through smarter CRM management. The starting point is to identify CRMs in products. It is not always clear what materials are in which products. It is, therefore, necessary to keep all metals in the loop for as long as possible. Scarcity in the supply chain can not only damage businesses but also negatively impact economic development and the environment. For this reason, the course will also discuss environmental issues and electric and electronic waste regulations. This course will be of value to a wide range of professionals working in or interested in this field. These include professionals involved in producing products containing CRMs (such as electronics) as well as local or national government officials tasked with organizing waste management and recycling for these products. Students interested in the field of waste management will also find this course helpful for their studies in electronics, industrial design, and industrial ecology.
- Subjects:
- Environmental Engineering
- Keywords:
- Refuse refuse disposal Waste products Recycling (Waste etc.) Raw materials Strategic materials
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS), such as GPS, have revolutionized positioning and navigation. Currently, four such systems are operational or under development. They are the American GPS, the Russian Glonass, the European Galileo, and the Chinese Beidou-Compass. This course will address: (1) the technical principles of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), (2) the methods to improve the accuracy of standard positioning services down to the millimeter accuracy level and the integrity of the systems, and (3) the various applications for positioning, navigation, geomatics, earth sciences, atmospheric research and space missions. The course will first address the space segment, user and control segment, signal structure, satellite and receiver clocks, timing, computation of satellite positions, broadcast and precise ephemeris. It will also cover propagation error sources such as atmospheric effects and multipath. The second part of the course covers autonomous positioning for car navigation, aviation, and location based services (LBS). This part includes the integrity of GNSS systems provided for instance by Space Based Augmentation Systems (e.g. WAAS, EGNOS) and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). It will also cover parameter estimation in dynamic systems: recursive least-squares estimation, Kalman filter (time update, measurement update), innovation, linearization and Extended Kalman filter. The third part of the course covers precise relative GPS positioning with two or more receivers, static and kinematic, for high-precision applications. Permanent GPS networks and the International GNSS Service (IGS) will be discussed as well. In the last part of the course there will be two tracks (students only need to do one): (1) geomatics track: RTK services, LBS, surveying and mapping, civil engineering applications (2) space track: space based GNSS for navigation, control and guidance of space missions, formation flying, attitude determination The final lecture will be on (scientific) applications of GNSS.
- Subjects:
- Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
- Keywords:
- Global Positioning System Artificial satellites in navigation
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- Courseware
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Courseware
Geo-information has proven to be extremely helpful in many aspects of risk and disaster management: locational and situational awareness, monitoring of hazards, damage detection, sharing of information, defining vulnerability areas, etc. This course aims to provide knowledge on risk and disaster management activities, demonstrate use of geo-information technologies in emergency response, outline current challenges and motivate young geo-specialist to seek for advanced solutions.
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Courseware
Part 2 of offshore hydromechanics (OE4630) involves the linear theory of calculating 1st order motions of floating structures in waves and all relevant subjects such as the concept of RAOs, response spectra and downtime/workability analysis.
- Subjects:
- Hydraulic Engineering
- Keywords:
- Offshore structures -- Hydrodynamics Hydrostatics Fluid mechanics
- Resource Type:
- Courseware
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Courseware
If you’re interested in the concept of building with nature, then this is the engineering course for you. This course explores the use of natural materials and ecological processes in achieving effective and sustainable hydraulic infrastructural designs. You will learn the Building with Nature ecosystem-based design concept and its applications in water and coastal systems. During the course, you will be presented with a range of case studies to deepen your knowledge of ecological and engineering principles. You’ll learn from leading Dutch engineers and environmental scientists who see the Building with Nature integrated design approach as fundamental to a new generation of engineers and ecologists. Join us in exploring the interface between hydraulic engineering, nature and society.
- Subjects:
- Building Services Engineering and Hydraulic Engineering
- Keywords:
- Sustainable development Hydraulic engineering Water resources development -- Environmental aspects
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- Courseware
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Courseware
For the first time in history, the number of world citizens without access to electricity services has dropped below one billion, but still more than 2.8 billion people lack access to clean and affordable cooking fuels. Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for all world citizens is a precondition for the achievement of many other Sustainable Development Goals, such as health and economic development. The provision of sustainable energy services for all is not just a technological challenge or one confined to developing countries. Industrial and post-industrial societies also need to address issues of energy poverty and energy injustice. Rather than tackling the technological dimension of the formidable challenge to provide an inclusive energy system with renewable and climate-neutral energy resources, this course will focus on its social and institutional dimension. Introduction to the principle of the 4 As of energy services – Accessibility, Availability, Affordability, and Acceptability (environmental and social) will enrich your perspective as an engineering professional. Balancing these four critical and interdependent criteria is a recurrent challenge for individuals and society as a whole, as the characterization of the four As evolves with economic development and changing societal preferences. You will learn how the rules of the game as defined in laws, regulation and market designs impact the balance between the 4As. Using a wider socio-technical systems perspective you will discover new solutions for the inclusive provision of energy services beyond the purely technological solutions. After this course you can engage in a richer, more informed debate about how to achieve an inclusive energy system. You will be able to translate this knowledge into strategies to serve society’s future energy needs. The cases presented from developed and developing countries will help you to develop and test your analytical skills. Interviews with industry leaders shaping the energy system will challenge you to reflect on the position these leaders take and the interests they serve. Lastly, you will put yourself to the test by demonstrating your newly acquired knowledge and skills as a strategic policy advisor, in writing guidelines for a strategic action plan for the energy system and institutional context which are relevant for you, in your company, your city or your country.
- Subjects:
- Environmental Engineering and Environmental Policy and Planning
- Keywords:
- Energy policy Sustainable development Power resources -- Economic aspects Power resources -- Environmental aspects
- Resource Type:
- Courseware
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Courseware
The discipline of structural geology studies the architecture of the solid Earth and other planets. Rock deformation patterns are exciting features beacause of their aesthetic beauty and their economic interest to man. Knowledge of the subsurface structure is vital for the success of a variety of engineering and mineral exploration pograms. A thorough understanding of rock structures is essential for strategic planning in the petroleum and mining industry, in construction operations, in waste disposal surveys and for water exploration. Deformation structures in the country rock are important further for locallizing hazard zones, such as potential rockslide masses, ground subsidence, and seismic faults. Research activities concentrate on rock defomation structures in he shallow continental crust.
- Subjects:
- Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics
- Keywords:
- Geology Structural Map reading Maps
- Resource Type:
- Courseware