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Comparing initial rates to determine the order of reaction is a very common question in Kinetics.
Let's take a look at an example:
The objective is to choose a pair of experiments for comparison where the concentration of a reactant changes and ideally the concentration of other reactants remain constant. This means that any change in the initial rates of the experiments must be due to the change in the concentration of that reactant, and we can figure out the order from there.
1. Order of Reaction with respect to HCl
Comparing experiments 1 and 3, concentration of HCl doubles and there is no change in concentration of sucrose. So the change in initial rates must be due to HCl only. We can work out the change in initial rates to be 2 times. This means when concentration of HCl doubles, initial rate doubles. Therefore order of the reaction with respect to HCl will be order 1. For comparison, if order of reaction is zero, initial rate will remain unchanged when concentration of HCl doubles. If order of reaction is 2, initial rate will increase by 4 times (2^2 times) when concentration of HCl doubles. Since we only have 3 possible orders to consider, figuring out the order of reaction is quite straightforward.
2. Order of Reaction with respect to sucrose
Comparing experiments 1 and 2, concentration of sucrose increase by 1.5 times and there is no change in concentration of HCl. So the increase in initial rates by 1.5 times must be due to sucrose only. Since this is a proportionate increase, order of reaction with respect to sucrose is also order 1. Finally we can write out the rate equation for this reaction to be: rate = k [HCl][sucrose]
- Course related:
- ABCT 2701 Analytical Chemistry
- Subjects:
- Chemistry
- Keywords:
- Chemistry Physical theoretical
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
In 46 episodes, Phil Plait (aka The Bad Astronomer) teaches you astronomy! This course starts with the astronomical observations we can make with the naked eye and expands out to cover the solar system, stars, galaxies, and the universe itself. The content is loosely based on an introductory university-level curriculum. By the end of this course, you will be able to: * Define the components of the universe, from the planets in the Solar System to dark energy and gamma rays * Understand how astronomers collect and analyze data to study the past and current state of the universe * Explain the difference between asteroids, comets, and meteors * Contextualize observed phenomena within scientific theories about the history and physics of space, such as the Big Bang theory
- Subjects:
- Cosmology and Astronomy
- Keywords:
- Astronomy
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
In 50 episodes, Dr. Deboki Chakravarti will teach you organic chemistry. This course is based on sophomore-level college material, covering topics from Organic Chemistry I and II. It was developed with 9 reference texts and journal articles on specialized topics in organic chemistry, in particular: Organic Chemistry texts by Brown, Foote, Iverson and Ansyln (8th ed.); Clayden, Greeves and Warren (2nd ed.); McMurry (9th ed.) By the end of this course, you will be able to: * Recognize and name the major functional groups in organic compounds * Understand the influence of molecular structure and conformation on chemical properties and reactivity * Identify the possible reactions for a given organic compound and select reasonable reaction mechanisms given the reactant structure and functional groups * Sketch a mechanism for an organic reaction, showing valid arrow-pushing and formal charges * Develop and compare synthetic routes to a target molecule from a starting compound * Interpret spectra (e.g. IR, NMR, MS, UV/vis) and understand how they are used in structure determination * Connect the chemical properties of organic compounds to their real-world applications (e.g. in polymers, medicine, and biochemistry).
- Subjects:
- Chemistry
- Keywords:
- Chemistry Organic
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
In 46 episodes, Hank Green will teach you chemistry! This course is mostly based on the 2012 AP Chemistry curriculum, but it also covers some introductory organic chemistry. By the end of the course, you will be able to: * Utilize the fundamental tools of chemistry, including the periodic table, nomenclature, and basic lab safety techniques * Understand the structure of matter * Predict and explain chemical reactions, and comprehend the many ways they affect our world * Reason through problems involving kinetics, thermodynamics, and chemical equilibrium * Recognize different organic chemicals and their uses
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Video
In 46 episodes, Dr. Shini Somara will help you find your place in the world -- literally! -- with physics. This course is based on introductory college-level material and the 2016 AP Physics I and II curriculum. By the end of this course, you will be able to: *Identify the fundamental forces describing the world and the core branches of physics *Pose, refine, and evaluate scientific questions *Connect phenomena and models across spatial and temporal scales *Use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems *Apply mathematical equations that describe natural phenomena
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Video
In 12 episodes, Hank Green teaches you ecology!
- Subjects:
- Environmental Sciences
- Keywords:
- Ecology
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
In 40 episodes, Hank Green teaches you biology!
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Video
In 44 episodes, Adriene Hill teaches you Statistics! This course is based on the 2018 AP Statistics curriculum and introduces everything from basic descriptive statistics to data collection to hot topics in data analysis like Big Data and neural networks. By the end of the course, you will be able to: *Identify questions that can be answered using statistics *Describe patterns, trends, associations, and relationships in data both numerically and graphically *Justify a conclusion using evidence from data, definitions, or statistical inference *Apply statistical models to make inferences and predictions from data sets *Understand how statistics are used broadly in the world and interpret their meaning, like in newspapers or scientific studies Learning playlist
- Subjects:
- Mathematics and Statistics
- Keywords:
- Statistics
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
How MRI Works: Part 1 - NMR Basics. First in a series on how MRI works. This video deals with NMR basis such as spin, precession, T1 and T2, TR and TE, and Boltzmann Magnetization. 0:00 - Introduction 1:22 - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 4:10 - Inside the MRI Scanner 7:50 - The Proton, Spin, and Precession 11:34 - Signal Detection and the Larmor Equation 14:10 - Flip Angle 15:30 - Ensemble Magnetic Moment 16:34 - Free Induction Decay and T2 18:43 - T2 Weighting and TE 21:46 - Spin Density Imaging 24:18 - T1 Relaxation 25:45 - T1 Weighting and TR 27:01 - The NMR Experiment and Rotating Frame 28:57 - Excitation: the B1 field 30:14 - Measuring Longitudinal Magnetization 31:34 - The MR Contrast Equation 34:42 - Boltzmann Magnetization and Polarization 40:09 - Hyperpolarization 41:42 - Outro
- Course related:
- BME42113 Biomedical Imaging
- Subjects:
- Medical Imaging and Physics
- Keywords:
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Masterpieces of microengineering, kinesins are motorized transport machines that move cellular materials to their correct locations in the cell so they can perform their functions. Kinesins have two feet, or "globular heads," that literally walk, one foot over another. Known as the "workhorses of the cell," kinesins can carry cargo many times their own size.
- Course related:
- ABCT2103 Cell Biology
- Subjects:
- Biology
- Keywords:
- Kinesin
- Resource Type:
- Video