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Dr. Bustamante begins his talk by explaining why one would wish to study biochemical reactions at the level of a single molecule. He explains that many processes within the cell are carried out by very few molecules. By studying single molecules, it is possible to obtain details about the mechanism of a reaction that cannot be ascertained by studying a population of molecules. Bustamante goes on to describe the technique of optical tweezers and how it can be used to manipulate single molecules. His lab has successfully used this method to follow DNA transcription one molecule at a time and RNA translation one codon at a time. In both cases, single molecule studies provided detailed information about complex biochemical processes.
- Subjects:
- Biochemistry
- Keywords:
- Biomolecules Molecular biology
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Synthetic biology can be used in industrial biotechnology to engineer metabolic pathways to create high-value chemicals using model microorganisms such as yeast. During the Synthetic Biology in Action course, participants engineered yeast to produce beta-caretone for industrial biotechnology purposes. In this talk, they describe the steps they took to engineer an existing yeast pathway to produce the new chemical. These steps include modeling the metabolic pathway outputs, DNA design, amplification, and assembly, and analysis of the final result.
- Subjects:
- Electronic and Information Engineering, Biochemistry, and Biology
- Keywords:
- Synthetic biology Biochemistry Yeast fungi -- Biotechnology
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Throughout his life, Hrabowski has loved the intersection of math and language. The challenge of finding clear, simple language to explain complex math problems to others is part of what drove his decision to focus on teaching math. Hrabowski points out that math and statistics provide the tools for not only for engineers and scientists to do their work, but also for physicians, accountants, social scientists, business owners and even university administrators!
- Subjects:
- Mathematics and Statistics
- Keywords:
- Applied mathematics
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
How does an English literature major ultimately end up as a cancer biologist? Varmus tells us of his circuitous path to becoming a scientist to illustrate the many routes that one can follow to a career in science.
- Keywords:
- Physical sciences -- Vocational guidance Biologists -- Vocational guidance
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Berg begins his lecture with a brief history of observations of bacterial motion. He then uses physics to describe the many hurdles that E. coli must overcome as it tries to swim up or down a chemical gradient. For instance, an entity as tiny as E. coli is constantly buffeted by Brownian motion and can neither stay still nor swim in a straight line. Then there is the question of how E. coli senses a gradient and translates that information into a change in its direction of movement. And finally, how does E. coli use its flagella to generate thrust at all? In Part 2, Berg explains that E. coli travels using a series of runs, when it moves in a straight line, and tumbles, when it changes direction. During a run, all of the flagella are moving counterclockwise in a tight bundle. During a tumble, one or more flagella switch to a clockwise movement and disengage from the bundle causing a change in the swimming direction. The motor that drives the rotation of the flagella is an amazing structure made of about 20 different protein parts. Berg tells us that chemosensory receptors on the cell surface detect a chemical gradient and transfer this information, via protein phosphorylation, to the motor. This chemical modification determines the direction of motor rotation and, hence, the direction the E. coli swims. An amazing system that E. coli has been perfecting for millions of years!
- Subjects:
- Physics and Biology
- Keywords:
- Bacteria -- Motility Physics Escherichia coli
- Resource Type:
- Video
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Video
Easy access to nutrients has contributed to the increase in obesity in the human population. But, what is obesity and why isn’t everybody fat? Dr. Stephen O’Rahilly provides a biomedical perspective of obesity, and evaluates which genes could potentially shift the balance towards obesity. As he explains, one becomes obese when the balance between energy intake and energy spent is shifted. Surprisingly, mutations that lead to obesity in humans aren’t in genes involved in metabolism and energy storage, but failure in satiety signals in the brain that result in people eating too much. The excess of energy intake over energy expenditure leads to obesity. What is the consequence of obesity in human health? Physically, obesity can result in lower mobility and sleeping disorders. But, in humans, the link between obesity and metabolic diseases isn’t straightforward. For example, not everyone that’s obese becomes insulin resistant. As O’Rahilly explains, the probability of an obese individual to have a metabolic disease is linked to the capacity of adipose tissue to store the extra fat. Mutations that decrease fat storage in adipose tissue increase the chance of metabolic diseases, like insulin resistance, even when the person is not obese.
- Subjects:
- Health Sciences and Biology
- Keywords:
- Obesity -- Genetic aspects
- Resource Type:
- Video